Antioxidant Bomb
🌟 Antioxidant Bomb
In today’s world, our cells are under constant assault—from urban pollution, artificial light, chronic stress, processed foods, and oxidative triggers like pesticides, heavy metals, and UV radiation. The mitochondria, our cellular power plants, are particularly sensitive to this relentless oxidative burden. When flooded by reactive oxygen species (ROS), they begin to malfunction—leaking energy, accelerating aging, and driving chronic inflammation.
Antioxidants are the body’s natural defense against this damage. But their true potential emerges when they do more than simply neutralize free radicals. The most advanced antioxidants go further: they activate cellular defense pathways, stimulate mitochondrial renewal, calm inflammatory cascades, and repair collagen and elastin fibers—supporting both long-term vitality and visible beauty.
Healthy, radiant skin begins at the cellular level. By protecting dermal structures and reducing oxidative stress, antioxidants help preserve youthful tone, firmness, and glow—even under environmental stress. They also play a crucial role in oral health, supporting gum tissue integrity, reducing inflammation, and combating oxidative damage in the mouth—an often-overlooked gateway to systemic aging.
Antioxidant Bomb is a next-generation cellular longevity formula crafted to nourish the body from within. It’s not just about protection—it's about restoration, balance, and lasting beauty at every biological level.
This formula is built to:
- 💥 Shield and restore mitochondrial function (ATP production, stress resilience)
- 🧬 Enhance detoxification and redox homeostasis
- 🌿 Reduce chronic inflammation and support immune balance
- 💎 Preserve beautiful skin, collagen, and elasticity
- 🦷 Support oral tissue health and reduce oxidative aging in the mouth
- ⚖️ Balance metabolism, mood, and long-term cellular performance
🔬 1. Carbon 60 (C₆₀, Fullerenes)
Mechanism of Action:
Carbon 60 is a unique spherical carbon molecule with powerful electron-accepting properties. Its π-conjugated structure allows it to neutralize multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) per molecule without turning pro-oxidant, unlike most traditional antioxidants. This makes it exceptionally stable and long-acting. C60 also downregulates pro-oxidant enzymes like NADPH oxidase and indirectly supports cellular antioxidant systems by preserving glutathione levels. These actions help maintain a lower baseline of oxidative stress across multiple tissues.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
C60 accumulates in lipid-rich structures like the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it helps stabilize electron transport by reducing electron leakage. This enhances the efficiency of ATP production, particularly under oxidative conditions. It also protects mitochondrial membranes from lipid peroxidation and reduces damage to mitochondrial DNA. These effects are crucial for preserving cellular energy and delaying mitochondrial aging.
Skin-Related Effects:
Topically and systemically, C60 exhibits anti-inflammatory and sebostatic effects. It reduces sebum oxidation (a major factor in acne), inhibits the growth of C. acnes, and accelerates wound healing. It also protects collagen and elastin fibers from oxidative breakdown, improving skin texture and firmness. Some dermocosmetic studies have shown a reduction in wrinkle depth and improvement in hydration after consistent use.
🧬 2. Glutathione (GSH)
Mechanism of Action:
Glutathione is the primary intracellular antioxidant composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It directly neutralizes ROS and reactive nitrogen species and participates in detoxification of heavy metals, xenobiotics, and peroxides. Glutathione also plays a central role in regenerating other antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and maintaining cellular redox balance through the GSH/GSSG cycle.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Glutathione is actively transported into mitochondria via dedicated carriers where it neutralizes hydrogen peroxide and other ROS generated during oxidative phosphorylation. This prevents damage to mitochondrial proteins, lipids, and mtDNA. GSH is also critical in regulating mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), thus influencing apoptosis and energy metabolism.
Skin-Related Effects:
Topically and systemically, glutathione reduces oxidative stress in keratinocytes and melanocytes. It inhibits melanin production by downregulating tyrosinase activity and shifting melanogenesis toward lighter pigments. Clinically, GSH is used to improve skin brightness and reduce pigmentation disorders. It also supports healing and enhances resistance to UV damage.
⚛️ 3. Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA)
Mechanism of Action:
ALA is a sulfur-containing antioxidant that is both water- and fat-soluble, allowing it to function in virtually every part of the cell. It serves as a cofactor for key mitochondrial enzymes like pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. ALA also recycles antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamin C, and E, and chelates harmful metals like arsenic, mercury, and cadmium.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
By supporting key enzymes of the Krebs cycle, ALA enhances mitochondrial energy output. It reduces mitochondrial ROS formation and helps maintain membrane integrity under oxidative stress. ALA also supports insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, which are closely tied to mitochondrial efficiency.
Skin-Related Effects:
ALA improves microcirculation, supports collagen production, and inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade connective tissue. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects reduce redness, support wound healing, and enhance skin tone and elasticity. It is frequently used in anti-aging skincare formulations.
🔋 4. Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol)
Mechanism of Action:
CoQ10 is a lipid-soluble molecule that functions both as an antioxidant and a key electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It transports electrons from Complexes I and II to Complex III, enabling the synthesis of ATP. In its reduced form (ubiquinol), it also scavenges lipid peroxyl radicals and prevents oxidative chain reactions in membranes.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
CoQ10 is essential for mitochondrial ATP production. It protects mitochondrial membranes and mtDNA from oxidative damage and improves the efficiency of electron transport, particularly under stress or in aging cells. Supplementation has shown benefits in cardiovascular and metabolic disorders linked to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Skin-Related Effects:
Topical and oral CoQ10 improves mitochondrial energy availability in dermal fibroblasts, enhancing collagen production and cellular repair. It reduces the depth of wrinkles, improves firmness, and provides antioxidant protection against UV radiation and environmental stressors.
🧪 5. Astaxanthin
Mechanism of Action:
Astaxanthin is a deep-red carotenoid produced by microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis. It is one of the most potent lipid-phase antioxidants known, capable of quenching singlet oxygen and neutralizing lipid peroxyl radicals without becoming pro-oxidant. It also inhibits NF-κB activation and downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Its molecular structure spans the lipid bilayer, allowing it to protect both the inner and outer sides of cellular membranes.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Astaxanthin integrates into mitochondrial membranes, where it stabilizes the lipid bilayer and reduces ROS production during oxidative phosphorylation. It supports mitochondrial membrane potential and helps maintain ATP production under oxidative stress. Its anti-inflammatory actions also reduce secondary mitochondrial damage in inflamed tissues.
Skin-Related Effects:
Astaxanthin has powerful anti-aging effects on the skin. It protects against UV-induced damage, reduces wrinkle formation, and prevents transepidermal water loss. Clinical studies show improved skin moisture, elasticity, and reduction in age spots with supplementation. It also helps reduce redness and inflammation in sun-sensitive or irritated skin.
🍫 6. Cocoa Polyphenols
Mechanism of Action:
Cocoa polyphenols, especially flavan-3-ols such as epicatechin and catechin, exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasoprotective effects. They enhance nitric oxide (NO) production by upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), leading to better vascular function. Cocoa flavonoids also inhibit oxidative enzymes like NADPH oxidase and reduce the formation of peroxynitrite, a harmful oxidant.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
By improving blood flow and oxygen delivery, cocoa polyphenols support mitochondrial respiration and reduce ROS production in endothelial and neural tissues. Their antioxidant action protects mitochondrial lipids and proteins from oxidative modification, especially in high-stress environments like the vascular endothelium.
Skin-Related Effects:
Improved microcirculation leads to better oxygenation and nutrient delivery to the skin. Cocoa polyphenols also protect against UV damage, enhance skin elasticity, and reduce erythema. They support collagen stability and can promote smoother, brighter skin tone.
🍋 7. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Mechanism of Action:
Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that scavenges ROS and regenerates oxidized forms of vitamin E. It is a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases involved in collagen synthesis and stabilizes extracellular matrix proteins. It also modulates immune function and suppresses inflammatory mediators under stress.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Though vitamin C does not localize to the mitochondrial matrix in high concentrations, it indirectly supports mitochondrial health by reducing cytosolic oxidative stress and regenerating glutathione. It also aids in the repair of oxidized mtDNA and protects mitochondrial enzymes sensitive to redox shifts.
Skin-Related Effects:
Vitamin C is widely used for its brightening and anti-aging effects. It reduces melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase, protects skin cells from UV-induced damage, and stimulates collagen production. It helps reduce fine lines, improves firmness, and evens skin tone.
🌱 8. Sulforaphane
Mechanism of Action:
Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate derived from glucoraphanin found in broccoli sprouts and other cruciferous vegetables. It is a strong activator of the Nrf2 pathway, which induces the transcription of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases (GST), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase. Sulforaphane also suppresses inflammatory signaling via inhibition of NF-κB.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
By activating Nrf2 and upregulating mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, sulforaphane reduces ROS generation and improves redox balance. It also supports mitochondrial biogenesis via the PGC-1α pathway, contributing to increased mitochondrial density and resilience under oxidative stress.
Skin-Related Effects:
Sulforaphane enhances skin detox capacity, reduces UV-induced DNA damage, and inhibits MMPs that degrade collagen. It improves dermal defense mechanisms, calms inflammation, and supports a more even, youthful skin tone.
🌿 9. Resveratrol
Mechanism of Action:
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound found in grapes, red wine, and berries. It activates longevity-associated enzymes like SIRT1 and AMPK, mimicking the effects of caloric restriction. It also suppresses pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB and modulates oxidative stress pathways.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Resveratrol promotes mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of PGC-1α. It improves oxidative phosphorylation efficiency and stabilizes mitochondrial membrane potential. It also reduces mitochondrial ROS and protects mtDNA from damage during metabolic stress.
Skin-Related Effects:
Resveratrol protects skin from environmental pollutants and UV-induced oxidative stress. It preserves collagen and elastin, improves elasticity, and reduces pigmentation irregularities. Its anti-inflammatory effects make it beneficial for sensitive or aging skin.
🌕 10. Curcumin (from Curcuma longa)
Mechanism of Action:
Curcumin is a bioactive polyphenol extracted from turmeric root. It exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by inhibiting key pathways such as NF-κB, COX-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). It also upregulates Nrf2, which boosts the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Curcumin modulates several pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), and affects cellular signaling related to proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Curcumin enhances mitochondrial resilience by maintaining membrane potential, reducing proton leakage, and protecting against oxidative damage. It supports mitochondrial biogenesis and activates PGC-1α, especially under stress. Additionally, curcumin inhibits mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2/Bax expression and reducing caspase activation.
Skin-Related Effects:
Curcumin improves a wide range of skin conditions. It reduces inflammatory acne, eczema, and psoriasis symptoms, lightens hyperpigmentation by inhibiting tyrosinase, and accelerates wound healing. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions help prevent premature aging and protect dermal structures from degradation by MMPs.
🍃 11. EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate)
Mechanism of Action:
EGCG is the most abundant and active catechin found in green tea. It exerts strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging ROS, inhibiting NADPH oxidase, and downregulating NF-κB. EGCG also activates Nrf2 and reduces the expression of inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 and IL-8. It has additional effects on cellular proliferation, DNA repair, and telomerase activity.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
EGCG stabilizes mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces ROS generation from the electron transport chain. It protects mtDNA from oxidative damage and supports mitophagy—removing damaged mitochondria to maintain mitochondrial quality. Through AMPK activation, it also promotes mitochondrial biogenesis.
Skin-Related Effects:
EGCG is widely used in skincare for its sebum-regulating and anti-acne properties. It inhibits C. acnes proliferation and reduces inflammation in acne-prone skin. Additionally, it prevents UV-induced collagen breakdown, brightens the skin, and reduces hyperpigmentation through inhibition of tyrosinase.
🍎 12. Quercetin
Mechanism of Action:
Quercetin is a flavonol present in onions, apples, and berries. It is a strong ROS scavenger and inhibits key inflammatory enzymes including COX-2, lipoxygenase, and iNOS. It stabilizes mast cells, reduces histamine release, and suppresses NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Quercetin also exerts antiviral and immune-modulating effects.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Quercetin activates AMPK, which enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes autophagy. It reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress and supports membrane integrity. Quercetin may also improve mitochondrial efficiency under metabolic stress by modulating redox-sensitive signaling pathways.
Skin-Related Effects:
Quercetin reduces redness and swelling associated with allergic and inflammatory skin conditions. It promotes healing and may inhibit melanin synthesis by modulating tyrosinase activity. It also helps protect collagen and elastin from oxidative degradation, maintaining skin elasticity.
🟢 13. Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris/pyrenoidosa)
Mechanism of Action:
Chlorella is a freshwater green algae rich in chlorophyll, proteins, nucleic acids, and antioxidants. Its cell wall contains fibers that bind heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, facilitating detoxification. It activates Nrf2, increases expression of antioxidant enzymes, and supports immune regulation through modulation of cytokine activity.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Chlorella provides critical building blocks such as amino acids and nucleotides needed for mitochondrial repair and replication. Its antioxidant effects reduce mtROS, and its micronutrient content (e.g., magnesium, iron) supports the function of mitochondrial enzymes. It may also protect mitochondrial membranes during detoxification stress.
Skin-Related Effects:
Chlorella improves skin clarity by reducing the toxic load that can lead to inflammation and breakouts. It supports collagen and keratin production, strengthens the skin barrier, and reduces pigmentation. Its detoxifying properties contribute to a more even, vibrant complexion.
🔵 14. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis)
Mechanism of Action:
Spirulina is a filamentous blue-green algae known for its dense nutritional profile. It contains phycocyanin, a pigment-protein complex with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Spirulina boosts immune activity, modulates cytokine expression, and helps eliminate heavy metals and environmental toxins.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Phycocyanin activates antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, reducing oxidative damage to mitochondrial components. Spirulina also supports mitochondrial membrane integrity and helps optimize ATP synthesis by enhancing mitochondrial enzyme function.
Skin-Related Effects:
Spirulina improves skin hydration, elasticity, and texture. It reduces oxidative stress-induced aging, supports wound healing, and helps manage inflammatory skin conditions. Its nutrient-rich profile nourishes skin cells from the inside out, contributing to a clear, revitalized appearance.
🧷 15. Zinc (Zn)
Mechanism of Action:
Zinc is an essential trace element involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those responsible for DNA synthesis, cell division, and antioxidant defense. It serves as a cofactor for Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that neutralizes superoxide radicals. Zinc also regulates NF-κB signaling, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α. Additionally, it stabilizes cell membranes and supports immune function.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Zinc maintains mitochondrial membrane potential and plays a role in regulating apoptosis through caspase inhibition. It supports mitochondrial antioxidant systems, protecting mtDNA and respiratory chain proteins from oxidative damage. Zinc deficiency has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, especially in tissues with high metabolic demand.
Skin-Related Effects:
Zinc is widely used in dermatology for its ability to regulate sebum production and reduce inflammation. It accelerates wound healing, supports keratinocyte proliferation, and strengthens the skin barrier. In acne-prone skin, zinc reduces bacterial colonization and soothes irritation. It is also beneficial in managing rosacea and eczema.
🧪 16. Selenium (Se)
Mechanism of Action:
Selenium is incorporated into selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase, both of which are essential for neutralizing hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides. It plays a key role in redox signaling, immune modulation, and thyroid hormone metabolism. Selenium also supports detoxification by facilitating the elimination of heavy metals and toxins.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Selenium-dependent GPx enzymes are localized in mitochondria, where they protect membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA from peroxidative damage. Adequate selenium levels help maintain mitochondrial enzyme activity and reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress. It also contributes to mitochondrial resilience during inflammation and toxic insult.
Skin-Related Effects:
Selenium protects skin cells from UV-induced oxidative damage and supports faster recovery from sunburn and environmental stress. It improves elasticity and skin tone, and may reduce inflammatory flare-ups in conditions like psoriasis or dermatitis. Selenium is often included in formulations aimed at preserving youthful, healthy skin.
🧲 17. Manganese (Mn)
Mechanism of Action:
Manganese is a cofactor for several enzymes involved in metabolism, including mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), arginase, and pyruvate carboxylase. It plays a vital role in glucose regulation, amino acid metabolism, and the detoxification of ammonia. Mn-SOD is the primary defense against superoxide radicals within mitochondria.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
As the key cofactor for Mn-SOD, manganese is central to the neutralization of mitochondrial ROS. It also supports the function of Krebs cycle enzymes and stabilizes energy production under oxidative stress. Manganese deficiency can lead to impaired ATP generation and increased oxidative damage.
Skin-Related Effects:
Manganese contributes to collagen formation by activating enzymes required for the biosynthesis of connective tissue. It indirectly supports skin structure and elasticity. Additionally, it may help reduce skin sensitivity and inflammation caused by oxidative stress or environmental irritants.
🟠 18. Copper (Cu)
Mechanism of Action:
Copper is a trace mineral involved in redox reactions, connective tissue synthesis, and iron metabolism. It acts as a cofactor for enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase (in the ETC), Cu/Zn-SOD, and tyrosinase. It plays a role in angiogenesis, immune function, and melanin production.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Copper is essential for the proper function of cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV of the ETC), which drives the final step in ATP synthesis. It also contributes to mitochondrial antioxidant capacity via Cu/Zn-SOD, protecting against electron leakage and ROS accumulation.
Skin-Related Effects:
Copper supports collagen cross-linking and elastin formation, enhancing skin firmness and structure. It also regulates pigmentation by serving as a cofactor for tyrosinase. Copper peptides are well-studied for their ability to improve skin regeneration, reduce wrinkles, and support post-injury recovery.
⚙️ 19. Molybdenum (Mo)
Mechanism of Action:
Molybdenum is required for the activity of several detoxifying enzymes, including sulfite oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and xanthine oxidase. These enzymes help break down sulfur-containing amino acids and neutralize metabolic byproducts, preventing the accumulation of toxic intermediates.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
By facilitating the breakdown of sulfites and aldehydes, molybdenum protects mitochondrial enzymes from inhibition and preserves their activity. This is especially important for maintaining efficient function of the respiratory chain and avoiding mitochondrial enzyme impairment.
Skin-Related Effects:
Though its skin effects are more indirect, molybdenum supports systemic detox pathways that reduce inflammation and irritation, particularly in sensitive skin types. It may help reduce histamine-like responses to preservatives and sulfite-containing compounds in skincare products.
🌿 20. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Jiaogulan)
Mechanism of Action:
Gynostemma is a traditional adaptogenic herb used in East Asian medicine, rich in gypenosides—compounds structurally similar to ginsenosides. These saponins modulate stress response pathways by activating AMPK, upregulating Nrf2, and suppressing NF-κB, which reduces chronic inflammation. Jiaogulan also enhances nitric oxide synthesis and improves blood flow, supporting cardiovascular and metabolic resilience.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
AMPK activation promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and enhances fatty acid oxidation, increasing energy efficiency. Gypenosides stabilize mitochondrial membrane potential and reduce ROS production, especially under oxidative stress. Jiaogulan also supports mitophagy—the removal of damaged mitochondria—helping maintain a healthy mitochondrial pool.
Skin-Related Effects:
By improving microcirculation and reducing systemic inflammation, gynostemma helps deliver nutrients and oxygen to skin tissues. It supports collagen integrity and barrier repair, particularly in inflammatory skin conditions. Its adaptogenic profile contributes to a more balanced, resilient complexion.
🌼 21. Apigenin
Mechanism of Action:
Apigenin is a flavone found in chamomile, parsley, and celery. It exhibits strong anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB, MAPK, and COX-2 pathways. Apigenin also modulates immune responses and induces autophagy. Importantly, it suppresses overactive mTOR signaling, a pathway linked to inflammation, cell aging, and metabolic dysfunction.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
By inhibiting mTOR and activating AMPK, apigenin indirectly supports mitochondrial turnover and energy homeostasis. It reduces mitochondrial ROS production and promotes autophagy and mitophagy—both critical for removing damaged cellular components.
Skin-Related Effects:
Apigenin soothes irritated or inflamed skin, reduces redness, and supports the skin’s natural repair processes. Its antioxidant action helps prevent collagen breakdown, maintain firmness, and slow signs of photoaging. It’s especially useful in calming reactive or sensitive skin types.
🍊 22. Rutin
Mechanism of Action:
Rutin is a citrus-derived flavonoid with potent antioxidant and vasoprotective properties. It scavenges ROS, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and stabilizes vitamin C. Rutin also strengthens capillaries by improving collagen cross-linking and reducing vascular permeability, which benefits both systemic and skin-level microcirculation.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Rutin protects mitochondrial membranes, particularly in endothelial cells, from oxidative injury. It supports nitric oxide bioavailability and improves oxygen delivery, reducing mitochondrial stress in the vascular system.
Skin-Related Effects:
Rutin is used to reduce spider veins, puffiness, and signs of microvascular damage in the skin. It enhances brightness, reduces dark circles and redness, and supports overall even tone. It also protects against environmental oxidative stress and UV exposure.
🫐 23. Anthocyanins
Mechanism of Action:
Anthocyanins are pigmented flavonoids found in blueberries, blackberries, and red cabbage. They have potent antioxidant capacity, neutralizing ROS and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. They also modulate inflammatory enzymes (e.g., COX-2, NOX) and support capillary integrity and blood-brain barrier function.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Anthocyanins help preserve mitochondrial membranes in high-stress tissues such as the brain and retina. They reduce oxidative burden and may support mitochondrial efficiency by enhancing blood flow and nutrient delivery to metabolically active cells.
Skin-Related Effects:
These compounds protect against UV-induced skin damage and photoaging. They improve circulation and oxygenation, reduce inflammation and pigmentation, and contribute to a more radiant, even skin tone. Their anti-inflammatory profile also benefits rosacea and reactive skin types.
🌟 24. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris)
Mechanism of Action:
Beetroot is rich in dietary nitrates, which are converted into nitric oxide (NO) in the body. NO promotes vasodilation, improves blood flow, and reduces blood pressure. Beetroot also contains betalains—compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that support detoxification pathways.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Enhanced oxygen delivery from NO improves mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, especially in hypoxic or high-demand conditions. Betalains further support mitochondrial function by scavenging ROS and protecting ETC enzymes from oxidative damage.
Skin-Related Effects:
Beetroot improves skin oxygenation and tone through better circulation. Its antioxidant profile reduces dullness, supports collagen synthesis, and protects the skin from oxidative damage. It also contributes to a more vibrant, well-nourished appearance.
🌻 25. Vitamin E (Tocopherols & Tocotrienols)
Mechanism of Action:
Vitamin E is a group of fat-soluble compounds, primarily tocopherols and tocotrienols, with powerful antioxidant properties. Its primary role is to interrupt lipid peroxidation chains by donating a hydrogen atom to lipid radicals, thus stabilizing cellular membranes. It works synergistically with vitamin C, which regenerates oxidized vitamin E back to its active form. Beyond its antioxidant function, vitamin E also modulates gene expression, inhibits protein kinase C, and regulates inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Mitochondrial Relevance:
Vitamin E is embedded within mitochondrial membranes, where it prevents oxidative degradation of phospholipids and protects structural integrity. This is crucial for maintaining the membrane potential and fluidity required for efficient electron transport and ATP synthesis. Tocotrienols, in particular, have shown stronger mitochondrial-protective activity compared to tocopherols, likely due to better tissue penetration and distribution.
Skin-Related Effects:
Vitamin E supports skin hydration, reduces transepidermal water loss, and enhances wound healing. It shields skin cells from UV-induced lipid peroxidation and reduces erythema (redness) and inflammation after sun exposure. Topically, it helps reduce the depth of fine lines, stabilizes the skin barrier, and supports recovery in damaged or aging skin. Its synergy with vitamin C also enhances collagen production and photoprotection.